he had no warrant for saying that

warrant [ˊwɒrǝnt]

1. n

1) основа́ние; правомо́чие; оправда́ние;

2) о́рдер ( на арест и т.п.); предписа́ние

3) воен. прика́з о присвое́нии зва́ния уо́рент-офице́ра

2. v

1) опра́вдывать, служи́ть оправда́нием; подтвержда́ть

2) руча́ться, гаранти́ровать;

I'll warrant him a perfectly honest man руча́юсь, что он абсолю́тно че́стный челове́к

;

the colours of all stuffs warranted fast про́чность окра́ски всех тка́ней гаранти́руется

;

I'll warrant (you that...) я уве́рен (в том, что...)

;

3) дава́ть пра́во, полномо́чия

[ˈwɔrənt]

appointed under Royal warrant назначенный королевским разрешением arrest warrant ордер на арест arrest with warrant арест по приказу arrest without warrant незаконное задержание bench warrant предписание суда bench warrant распоряжение суда bond warrant облигационный варрант bond with warrant облигация с варрантом call warrant бирж. гарантия опциона the colours of all stuffs warranted fast прочность окраски всех тканей гарантируется; I'll warrant (you that...) я уверен (в том, что...) committal warrant ордер на арест covered warrant бирж. обеспеченная гарантия debenture with warrant долговое обязательство с обеспечением debt warrant долговая расписка debt warrant долговой варрант dividend warrant свидетельство на получение дивиденда equity warrant облигационный варрант, дающий право на покупку акций заемщика по определенной цене equity warrant предъявительское свидетельство на акцию general warrant бланкетный ордер на арест general warrant приказ общего характера harmless warrant бирж. гарантия от нанесения ущерба warrant основание; правомочие; оправдание; he had no warrant for saying that у него не было основания говорить это we shall win the game, I warrant не сомневаюсь в нашей победе, игра будет наша the colours of all stuffs warranted fast прочность окраски всех тканей гарантируется; I'll warrant (you that...) я уверен (в том, что...) warrant ручаться, гарантировать; I'll warrant him a perfectly honest man ручаюсь, что он совершенно честный человек interest warrant процентный купон interest warrant свидетельство о выплате процентов naked warrant варрант, выпущенный вне связи с конкретными облигациями put warrant бирж. гарантия опциона "пут" put warrant бирж. гарантия сделки с обратной премией search warrant ордер на обыск share warrant сертификат акции на предъявителя stock purchase warrant документ, удостоверяющий право купить акции в течение определенного периода subscription warrant подписной варрант subscription warrant подписной сертификат travel warrant транспортная накладная warehouse warrant складской варрант warrant варрант warrant гарантировать warrant гарантия warrant давать право, полномочия warrant давать право warrant доверенность warrant доказательство warrant купон на получение дивиденда warrant купон облигации warrant моральное право warrant окупать затраты warrant оправдание действий warrant оправдывать, служить оправданием; подтверждать warrant оправдывать warrant ордер (на арест и т. п.); предписание warrant ордер на арест warrant ордерный платежный документ warrant основание; правомочие; оправдание; he had no warrant for saying that у него не было основания говорить это warrant подтверждать, ручаться, гарантировать warrant подтверждать warrant подтверждение warrant полномочие, правомочие warrant полномочие warrant право купить или продать фиксированную сумму финансовых инструментов в течение определенного периода warrant правомочие warrant предписание warrant приказ, ордер (напр., на обыск, арест и т.п.); предписание warrant воен. приказ о присвоении звания уорентофицера warrant процентный купон warrant разрешать warrant расписка warrant ручательство warrant ручаться, гарантировать; I'll warrant him a perfectly honest man ручаюсь, что он совершенно честный человек warrant ручаться warrant свидетельство долга warrant свидетельство или купон на получение дивиденда; (англ.) процентный купон warrant складочное свидетельство; варрант; складской варрант warrant складской варрант warrant служить основанием, оправданием warrant судебное распоряжение warrant удостоверение, свидетельство warrant уполномочивать warrant of apprehension приказ о задержании warrant of arrest ордер на арест warrant of commitment приказ о заключении под стражу warrant of committal предписание о заключении под стражу warrant of delivery свидетельство о доставке warrant of execution исполнительный лист warrant of execution приказ об исполнении решения суда warrant of possession судебный приказ о вступлении во владение we shall win the game, I warrant не сомневаюсь в нашей победе, игра будет наша wedding warrant бирж. "безвредный" варрант wedding warrant бирж. "брачный" варрант witness warrant приказ о вызове свидетеля в суд

1) юр. ордер (на арест, обыск и т. п.); предписание; приказ

- search warrant

2) юр. правомочие; полномочие

3) основание

4) воен. приказ о присвоении звания уоррент-офицера

5) удостоверение, свидетельство

6) ордерный платёжный документ

7) эк. складское свидетельство; варрант; складской варрант

1) служить оправданием, основанием

2) подтверждать, гарантировать, ручаться

3) юр. давать право, полномочия

4) юр. гарантировать, обеспечивать (кому-л. что-л.)

1. noun

1) ордер (на арест и т. п.); предписание

2) основание; правомочие; оправдание; he had no warrant for saying that у него не было основания говорить это

3) mil. приказ о присвоении звания уорентофицера

2. verb

1) оправдывать, служить оправданием; подтверждать

2) ручаться, гарантировать; I'll warrant him a perfectly honest man ручаюсь, что он совершенно честный человек; the colours of all stuffs warranted fast прочность окраски всех тканей гарантируется; I'll warrant (you that...) я уверен (в том, что...); we shall win the game, I warrant не сомневаюсь в нашей победе, игра будет наша

3) давать право, полномочия

* * *

1 (n) варрант; гарантия; заказ-наряд; купон; купон облигации; мандат; моральное право; опцион; ордер; полномочие; право купить или продать фиксированную сумму; расписка; ручательство; свидетельство; свидетельство долга; судебное распоряжение

2 (v) гарантировать; ручаться

* * *

* * *

* * *

гарантировать

доверенность

купон

оправдание

оправдания

оправдать

оправдывать

ордер

основание

патент

подтверждать

полномочие

полномочия

правомочие

предписание

предписания

распоряжение

распоряжения

ручаться

удостоверение

* * *

1) Общая лексика: гарантировать, гарантия, давать право, доверенность, заказ-наряд, лицо, отдающее приказание, мандат, оправдание (he had no warrant for saying that - у него нет основания говорить это), оправдать, оправдывать, опцион, ордер (на арест и т. п.), ордер на арест, основание, ответственное лицо, подтверждать, полномочия, право купить или продать фиксированную сумму, правомочие, предписание, приказ о присвоении звания уорент-офицера, ручательство, ручаться, ручаться за, служить оправданием, служить основанием, судебное распоряжение, купон, патент, требовать (an area that warrants more research - область, требующая большего исследования)

2) Геология: огнеупорная глина, подстилающая глина

3) Морской термин: варрант (свидетельство, выданное складом в хранении груза)

4) Разговорное выражение: выражать уверенность

5) Американизм: залоговое свидетельство (присоединяемое к бланку складского свидетельства)

6) Устаревшее слово: заступник, защитник

7) Военный термин: разрешение, требование, уорент-офицер

8) Юридический термин: оправдание действий, ордер (на обыск, арест и т. д.), ордерный платёжный документ, ордерный платежный документ, полномочие, приказ, приказ о присвоении звания уоррант-офицера, процентный купон, свидетельство или купон на получение дивиденда, свидетельство на получение дивиденда, складское свидетельство, складской варрант, удостоверение, основание для (чего-л.) оправдание (каких-л. действий), обеспечивать (кому-л. что-л.), варрант

9) Коммерция: складочное свидетельство

10) Экономика: право купить или продать ценные бумаги в течение некоторого периода, купон (облигации, акции)

11) Бухгалтерия: купон (облигации), подписной сертификат

12) Финансы: долговая расписка

13) Страхование: справка-счёт (ОСАГО)

14) Автомобильный термин: документ

15) Биржевой термин: купон на получение дивиденда

16) Дипломатический термин: (моральное) право, окупать (затраты, усилия), оправдание (каких-л. действий)

17) Нефть: гарантирует

18) Официальное выражение: требоваться (Even small real estate transactions warrant an agreement. - Даже при небольших сделках с недвижимым имуществом требуется договор.)

19) Банковское дело: купон облигации, право купить или продать фиксированную сумму финансовых инструментов в течение определённого периода, право купить фиксированную сумму финансовых инструментов в течение определённого периода, право продать фиксированную сумму финансовых инструментов в течение определённого периода, расписка, свидетельство, свидетельство долга

20) Деловая лексика: доказательство, моральное право, окупать затраты, подтверждение, разрешать, уполномочивать

21) юр.Н.П. справка

22) Макаров: залог, обеспечение, обеспечивать, обеспечить, плотная подстилающая глина, основание для (чего-л.), подтверждать (что-л.)

23) Безопасность: распоряжение

24) Золотодобыча: обосновывать

25) Нефть и газ: заслуживать

1) (to justify: A slight cold does not warrant your staying off work.) gi rett til, berettige til

2) (an old word to state confidently or (be willing to) bet that: I'll warrant he's gone riding instead of doing his work.) vedde på (at)

garanti

kausjon

subst. \/ˈwɒr(ə)nt\/

1) (jus, også warrant of attorney) fullmakt

2) (jus, også warrant of arrest) arrestordre

• a warrant is out against him

3) rett, grunn, hjemmel

• he had no warrant for saying so

4) ( handel) garanti, sikkerhet, bevis, kvittering

5) (handel, også dock warrant) lagerbevis

6) ( militærvesen) bestikkelse, utnevnelse

be a warrant of garantere, være en garanti for

dock warrant eller warehouse warrant ( handel) lagerbevis

warrant of garanti for, bevis på

warrant of arrest ( jus) arrestordre

warrant of attorney ( jus) fullmaktsdokument

verb \/ˈwɒr(ə)nt\/

1) berettige, rettferdiggjøre, forsvare

• nothing can warrant such insolence

2) ( jus) hjemle

• the law warrants this procedure

3) garantere, gå god for

• I warrant it to be true

• warranted 22 carat gold

4) ( spesielt jus) befullmektige, forsikre, bevitne

5) ( gammeldags) verne

be warranted to ha full rett til å

1) General subject: a peg to hang (a thing) on, absolution, acquittal, acquittal (в суде), alibi, apology, condonation (плохого поступка, преступления), defence, defense, discharge (подсудимого), exculpation, excuse (in excuse of something - в оправдание чего-либо), exoneration, explanation, justification, justifying, palliation (преступления), plea, reason, salvo, vindication, warrant (he had no warrant for saying that - у него нет основания говорить это), warranty

2) Colloquial: getaway

3) Mathematics: basis, ground, proof, verification

4) Law: absolvitor, acquitment, acquittance

5) Diplomatic term: acquittal (по суду), get-away, warrant (каких-л. действий)

6) Jargon: wash, song

7) Business: allegation

8) EBRD: rationalisation

9) Makarov: clean, clean bill of health

1 grief (tristeza).

2 remorse (arrepentimiento).

3 sorrow, ruefulness, grief, woefulness.

El pesar no se elimina tan fácilmente Sorrow is not eliminated so easily.

4 regret, sorriness.

1 to weigh.

¿cuánto pesa? how much o what does it weigh?

El asistente pesó la mercadería The assistant weighed the goods.

Esta bolsa pesa mucho This bag weighs a lot.

2 to weigh up.

3 to be heavy (ser pesado).

pesa mucho it's very heavy

4 to play an important part.

en su decisión pesaron muchas razones a number of reasons influenced her decision

* * *

► verbo intransitivo

1 to weigh

■ ¿cuánto pesas? how much do you weigh?

■ no pesas nada you are really light

2 (tener mucho peso) to be heavy

■ ¡cómo pesa esta maleta! this suitcase is really heavy!

3 (sentir) to be sorry, regret

■ me pesa mucho no haberle invitado I really regret not having invited him

4 (influir) to carry weight

■ su opinión pesa más que la nuestra her opinion carries more weight than ours

► verbo transitivo

1 to weigh

► nombre masculino

1 (pena) sorrow, grief

2 (arrepentimiento) regret

\

a mi (nuestro etc) pesar to my (our etc) regret

a pesar de despite, in spite of

a pesar de los pesares in spite of everything

mal que me (le etc) pese to my (his etc) great regret

pese a que... despite the fact that..., although...

* * *

- a pesar de

1) to weigh

2) be important

3) grieve, cause regret

* * *

1. VI

1) [objeto, persona]

a) (=tener peso) to weigh; (Boxeo, Hípica) to weigh in at; (Inform) to be

b) (=tener mucho peso) to be heavy

2) (=resultar pesado)

3) (=afligir)

4) (=ser una carga)

5) (=influir) to carry weight

6)

7) And, CAm (=vender carne) to sell meat

2. VT

1) [+ carta, fruta etc] to weigh

2) (=sopesar) to weigh up

pesarse

4. SM

1) (=aflicción) sorrow

2) (=arrepentimiento) regret

3)

- a pesar de los pesares

* * *

1)

a) (pena, tristeza) sorrow

b) ( remordimiento) regret, remorse

2)

verbo intransitivo

1)

a) paquete/maleta to be heavy

b) ( ser una carga)

c) ( influir)

2) ( causar arrepentimiento) (+ me/te/le etc)

3)

a) <niño/maleta> to weigh; < manzanas> to weigh (out)

b) ( tener cierto peso) to weigh

pesarse v pron (refl) to weigh oneself

* * *

1)

a) (pena, tristeza) sorrow

b) ( remordimiento) regret, remorse

2)

verbo intransitivo

1)

a) paquete/maleta to be heavy

b) ( ser una carga)

c) ( influir)

2) ( causar arrepentimiento) (+ me/te/le etc)

3)

a) <niño/maleta> to weigh; < manzanas> to weigh (out)

b) ( tener cierto peso) to weigh

pesarse v pron (refl) to weigh oneself

* * *

pesar¹

¹ = grief, regret, chagrin, heartache.

pesar²

² = weigh.

* * *

1 (pena, tristeza) sorrow

me expresó su pesar por la triste noticia she expressed her sorrow at the sad news

ahoga sus pesares en el alcohol he drowns his sorrows in drink

a pesar mío or muy a mi pesar tuve que ir much to my regret I had to go

no debes causarle pesares a tu madre you mustn't upset your mother

el que más pesares le causa the one who causes her the most grief o sorrow o heartache

2 (remordimiento) regret, remorse

no siente ningún pesar por sus malas acciones he feels no remorse for his wrongdoings, he does not regret his wrongdoings

a pesar de despite

a pesar de su enfermedad despite his illness, despite being ill

insistió en salir a pesar de estar enfermo he insisted on going out despite being ill o in spite of being ill

a pesar de todo, prefiere quedarse in spite of o despite everything she prefers to stay

a pesar de los pesares ( fam); in spite of everything

a pesar de que no sabía mucho inglés, logró hacerse entender despite not knowing much English o although he didn't know much English, he managed to make himself understood

se llevó el coche, a pesar de que su padre se lo había prohibido he took the car, despite the fact that o although his father had forbidden him to

pesar² [A1 ]

1 «paquete/maleta» to be heavy

¡cómo pesa tu maleta! your suitcase is terribly heavy!, your case weighs a ton! ( colloq)

estas gafas no pesan these glasses don't weigh much, these glasses are very light

¿te lo llevo? — no, si no me pesa shall I carry it for you? — no, it's not heavy

(ser una carga): ya me pesan los años I feel my age now

le pesan todas esas cargas familiares he's weighed down by all those family reponsibilities, all those family responsibilities weigh heavily on him

toda la responsabilidad pesa sobre él all the responsibility falls on his shoulders o on him

la hipoteca que pesa sobre la casa the mortgage on the house

(influir): su influencia sigue pesando en la región their influence continues to carry weight in the region

en esta cuestión no deben pesar los intereses personales personal interests shouldn't come o enter into this

ha pesado más su personalidad que su ideología her personality has been more important o more of a factor than her ideology

argumentos que pesan a su favor arguments which weigh in his favor

B (causar pena, arrepentimiento) (+ me/te/le etc):

ahora me pesa haberle dicho eso now I regret saying that to him, now I'm sorry I said that to him

ya te pesará no haber estudiado cuando seas mayor when you're older you'll be sorry you didn't study o you'll regret not studying

me pesa haberlo ofendido I'm very sorry I offended him

pese a despite, in spite of

pese a todo, creo que su trabajo es el mejor despite o in spite of everything, I still think her work is the best

firmó pese a no estar de acuerdo she signed even though she did not agree

pese a que even though

pese a que no lo invitaron, les mandó un regalo he sent them a present even though they didn't invite him

pese a quien (le) pese: voy a decir la verdad, pese a quien (le) pese I'm going to speak the truth, no matter who I have to upset o no matter whose toes I have to tread on

mal que me/te/le pese like it or not

mal que te pese, tienes que reconocer que ganó en buena ley like it or not, you have to admit he won fair and square

mal que me pese, tendré que ponerles buena cara much as I dislike the idea I'll have to be nice to them

1 ‹niño/maleta› to weigh; ‹manzanas› to weigh out, weigh

es un kilo bien pesado that's a good o generous kilo

2 (tener cierto peso) to weigh

¿cuánto pesas? how much do you weigh?

pesa 80 kilos he weighs 80 kilos

( refl) to weigh oneself

* * *

a) (pena, tristeza) sorrow;

b) ( remordimiento) regret, remorse

◊ a pesar de despite, in spite of;

◊ estas gafas no pesan these glasses don't weigh much;

◊ ahora me pesa mucho now I deeply regret it;

◊ pese a despite, in spite of;

a) ‹niño/maleta› to weigh;

b) ( tener cierto peso) to weigh;

◊ pesa 80 kilos he weighs 80 kilos

* * *

♦ nm

1. [tristeza] grief;

todos sentimos un hondo pesar por su fallecimiento we all felt a great sorrow at his death

2. [arrepentimiento] remorse;

no le daba ningún pesar she felt no remorse at all

♦ a pesar de loc prep

despite, in spite of;

a pesar de las críticas in spite of o despite all the criticism;

tuve que hacerlo a pesar mío I had to do it against my will;

muy a nuestro pesar, hubo que invitarles we had to invite them, even though we really didn't want to;

muy a pesar mío no puedo darte lo que me pides I can't give you what you want, much as I'd like to;

a pesar de que… in spite of o despite the fact that…;

a pesar de que me dolía, seguí jugando I carried on playing in spite of o despite the pain;

a pesar de todo in spite of o despite everything;

a pesar de los pesares in spite of o despite everything

♦ vt

1. [en balanza] to weigh;

pésemelo, por favor could you weigh it for me, please?

2. Fig [examinar, calibrar] to weigh up

♦ vi

1. [tener peso] to weigh;

pesa cinco kilos it weighs five kilos;

¿cuánto pesa? how much o what does it weigh?;

¡qué poco pesa! it doesn't weigh much!

2. [ser pesado] to be heavy;

¡cómo o [m5] cuánto pesa! it's really heavy!;

esta maleta no pesa nada this suitcase hardly weighs anything;

¡ya va pesando la edad!, ¡ya van pesando los años! I'm getting old!

3. [recaer]

sobre ti pesa la decisión última the final decision rests with you

4. [importar, influir] to play an important part;

en su decisión pesaron muchas razones a number of reasons influenced her decision

5. [doler, entristecer]

me pesa tener que decirte esto I'm sorry to have to tell you this;

no me pesa haber dejado ese trabajo I have no regrets about leaving that job, I'm not at all sorry I left that job

6. Comp

mal que te pese (whether you) like it or not

♦ See also the pronominal verb pesarse

* * *

I v/t weigh

II v/i

1 ( ser muy pesado) be heavy;

casi no pesa it weighs next to nothing

2 ( influir) carry weight

3 fig

de responsabilidad weigh heavily ( sobre on);

me pesa tener que informarle … I regret to have to inform you …;

mal que me/le pese like it or not, whether I/you like it or not

III m sorrow

a pesar de in spite of, despite;

a pesar de ello nevertheless;

a pesar de eso in spite of that, despite that;

a pesar de que in spite of o despite the fact that, even though;

a pesar mío against my wishes

* * *

pesar vt

1) : to weigh

2) examinar: to consider, to think over

pesar vi

1) : to weigh

¿cuánto pesa?: how much does it weigh?

2) : to be heavy

3) : to weigh heavily, to be a burden

no le pesa: it's not a burden on him

pesa sobre mi corazón: it weighs upon my heart

4) influir: to carry weight, to have bearing

5) (with personal pronouns) : to grieve, to sadden

me pesa mucho: I'm very sorry

pese a : in spite of, despite

pesar nm

1) aflicción, pena: sorrow, grief

2) remordimiento: remorse

a pesar de : in spite of, despite

* * *

pesar¹ n

pesar² vb

1. (en general) to weigh

2. (tener mucho peso) to be heavy

   1) I Am a Thinking Thing

   But what then am I? A thing which thinks. What is a thing which thinks? It is a thing which doubts, understands, [conceives], affirms, denies, wills, refuses, which also imagines and feels. (Descartes, 1951, p. 153)

   2) Thinking Is Not Independent of the Expression of Thought

   I have been trying in all this to remove the temptation to think that there "must be" a mental process of thinking, hoping, wishing, believing, etc., independent of the process of expressing a thought, a hope, a wish, etc.... If we scrutinize the usages which we make of "thinking," "meaning," "wishing," etc., going through this process rids us of the temptation to look for a peculiar act of thinking, independent of the act of expressing our thoughts, and stowed away in some particular medium. (Wittgenstein, 1958, pp. 41-43)

   3) The Experimental Differentiation of Concrete and Propositional Operations

   Analyse the proofs employed by the subject. If they do not go beyond observation of empirical correspondences, they can be fully explained in terms of concrete operations, and nothing would warrant our assuming that more complex thought mechanisms are operating. If, on the other hand, the subject interprets a given correspondence as the result of any one of several possible combinations, and this leads him to verify his hypotheses by observing their consequences, we know that propositional operations are involved. (Inhelder & Piaget, 1958, p. 279)

   4) In Every Age, Philosophical Thinking Exploits Some Dominant Concepts

   In every age, philosophical thinking exploits some dominant concepts and makes its greatest headway in solving problems conceived in terms of them. The seventeenth- and eighteenth-century philosophers construed knowledge, knower, and known in terms of sense data and their association. Descartes' self-examination gave classical psychology the mind and its contents as a starting point. Locke set up sensory immediacy as the new criterion of the real... Hobbes provided the genetic method of building up complex ideas from simple ones... and, in another quarter, still true to the Hobbesian method, Pavlov built intellect out of conditioned reflexes and Loeb built life out of tropisms. (S. Langer, 1962, p. 54)

   5) The Experimental Differentiation of Deductive and Inductive Reasoning

   Experiments on deductive reasoning show that subjects are influenced sufficiently by their experience for their reasoning to differ from that described by a purely deductive system, whilst experiments on inductive reasoning lead to the view that an understanding of the strategies used by adult subjects in attaining concepts involves reference to higher-order concepts of a logical and deductive nature. (Bolton, 1972, p. 154)

   6) The Power of Machine Thought

   There are now machines in the world that think, that learn and create. Moreover, their ability to do these things is going to increase rapidly until-in the visible future-the range of problems they can handle will be coextensive with the range to which the human mind has been applied. (Newell & Simon, quoted in Weizenbaum, 1976, p. 138)

   7) Thinking Is Sometimes Accompanied by Action and Sometimes Not

   But how does it happen that thinking is sometimes accompanied by action and sometimes not, sometimes by motion, and sometimes not? It looks as if almost the same thing happens as in the case of reasoning and making inferences about unchanging objects. But in that case the end is a speculative proposition... whereas here the conclusion which results from the two premises is an action.... I need covering; a cloak is a covering. I need a cloak. What I need, I have to make; I need a cloak. I have to make a cloak. And the conclusion, the "I have to make a cloak," is an action. (Nussbaum, 1978, p. 40)

   8) The Growth of Philosophy

   It is well to remember that when philosophy emerged in Greece in the sixth century, B.C., it did not burst suddenly out of the Mediterranean blue. The development of societies of reasoning creatures-what we call civilization-had been a process to be measured not in thousands but in millions of years. Human beings became civilized as they became reasonable, and for an animal to begin to reason and to learn how to improve its reasoning is a long, slow process. So thinking had been going on for ages before Greece-slowly improving itself, uncovering the pitfalls to be avoided by forethought, endeavoring to weigh alternative sets of consequences intellectually. What happened in the sixth century, B.C., is that thinking turned round on itself; people began to think about thinking, and the momentous event, the culmination of the long process to that point, was in fact the birth of philosophy. (Lipman, Sharp & Oscanyan, 1980, p. xi)

   9) Thought Is, in Great Part, a Public Activity

   The way to look at thought is not to assume that there is a parallel thread of correlated affects or internal experiences that go with it in some regular way. It's not of course that people don't have internal experiences, of course they do; but that when you ask what is the state of mind of someone, say while he or she is performing a ritual, it's hard to believe that such experiences are the same for all people involved.... The thinking, and indeed the feeling in an odd sort of way, is really going on in public. They are really saying what they're saying, doing what they're doing, meaning what they're meaning. Thought is, in great part anyway, a public activity. (Geertz, quoted in J. Miller, 1983, pp. 202-203)

    10) In Thinking, Everything Needs to Be Made as Simple as Possible

   Everything should be made as simple as possible, but not simpler. (Einstein, quoted in Minsky, 1986, p. 17)

    11) The Conditions for the Construction of Formal Thought

   What, in effect, are the conditions for the construction of formal thought? The child must not only apply operations to objects-in other words, mentally execute possible actions on them-he must also "reflect" those operations in the absence of the objects which are replaced by pure propositions. Thus, "reflection" is thought raised to the second power. Concrete thinking is the representation of a possible action, and formal thinking is the representation of a representation of possible action.... It is not surprising, therefore, that the system of concrete operations must be completed during the last years of childhood before it can be "reflected" by formal operations. In terms of their function, formal operations do not differ from concrete operations except that they are applied to hypotheses or propositions [whose logic is] an abstract translation of the system of "inference" that governs concrete operations. (Piaget, quoted in Minsky, 1986, p. 237)

    12) Language Enables the Rehearsal of Thought and, Thereby, Commitment to Long- Term Memory

   [E]ven a human being today (hence, a fortiori, a remote ancestor of contemporary human beings) cannot easily or ordinarily maintain uninterrupted attention on a single problem for more than a few tens of seconds. Yet we work on problems that require vastly more time. The way we do that (as we can observe by watching ourselves) requires periods of mulling to be followed by periods of recapitulation, describing to ourselves what seems to have gone on during the mulling, leading to whatever intermediate results we have reached. This has an obvious function: namely, by rehearsing these interim results... we commit them to memory, for the immediate contents of the stream of consciousness are very quickly lost unless rehearsed.... Given language, we can describe to ourselves what seemed to occur during the mulling that led to a judgment, produce a rehearsable version of the reaching-a-judgment process, and commit that to long-term memory by in fact rehearsing it. (Margolis, 1987, p. 60)

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(geng; gekk, gengum; genginn), v.

1) to walk (reið jarl, en Karkr gekk);

2) to go;

ganga heim, to go home;

ganga braut, to go away;

ganga til hvílu, to go to bed;

ganga á skip, to go on board;

ganga af skipi, to go ashore;

with infin., ganga sofa or at sofa, to go to sleep;

ganga at eiga konu, to marry a woman;

3) to go about grazing, to graze (kálfrinn gekk í túni um sumarit);

4) of a ship, to run, sail (gekk skipit brátt út á haf);

5) to stretch out, extend, project (nes mikit gekk í sæ út);

6) of report, tales, to be current (litlar sögur megu ganga af hesti mínum);

7) to prevail;

gekk þaðan af í Englandi Valska, thereafter the French tongue prevailed in E.;

8) of money, to be current (peningar þeir, sem nú ganga);

of laws, to be valid (þau lög, er gengu á Uppsalaþingi);

of sickness, plague, famine, to rage (þá gekk landfarsótt, drepsótt, hallæri);

9) to go on, last (gnustu þá saman vápnin, ok gekk þat um hríð);

impers., gekk því lengi, so it went on for a long while;

10) láta ganga e-t, to let go on;

láta höggin ganga, to rain blows;

Birkibeinar létu ganga lúðrana, blew the trumpets vigorously;

11) to succeed;

ef þat gengr eigi, if that will not do;

impers., svá þykt, at þeim gekk þar eigi at fara, so close, that they could not go on there;

þeim gekk ekki fyrir nesit, they could not clear the ness;

12) to turn out, go in a specified way;

ganga andæris, to go all wrong;

mart gengr verr en varir, many a thing goes worse than is looked for;

gekk þeim lítt atsókinn, they made little progress with the attack;

impers., e-m gengr vel (illa), one fares (goes on, gets on) well (badly);

13) with acc., ganga e-n á bak, to force one to go backwards (harm gengr bjöninn á bak);

14) with dat., to discharge (gekk bann þá blóði);

15) with preps. and adverbs:

ganga af e-u, to depart from, leave (þá gekk af honum móðrinn);

ganga af vitinu, to go out of one’s wits;

ganga af trú sinni, to apostatize;

to pass (síðan gengu af páskarnir);

to go off (gekk þegar af höfuðit);

to be left as surplus (þat er af skuldinni gekk);

nú gengr honum hey af, now he has some hay left;

ganga af sér, to go to extremities, to go beyond oneself (mjök ganga þeir fóstbrœðr nú af sé);

ganga aptr, to revert (return) to the former proprietor (síðan gengu þau lönd aptr undir Árna);

to be void, annulled (þá skal kaup aptr ganga);

of a ghost, to walk again; of a door, to close, shut (gekk eigi aptr hurðin);

ganga at e-m, to attack one;

ganga at e-u, to agree to, accept a choice or offer (Flosi gekk fljótt at þessu öllu); to fit (skaltu fá mér lukla þá, sem ganga at kistum yðrum);

ganga á e-t, to encroach upon (ganga á ríki e-s); to break (ganga á orð sín, eiða, grið, sættir, trygðir); to pierce, penetrate;

hann var í panzara, er ekki gekk á, that was proof against any weapons;

ganga á vald e-s or e-m, ganga á hönd (hendr) e-m, to submit to, give oneself up to, surrender to one;

ganga á bak e-u, to contravene;

ganga eptir e-u, to go for, go to fetch (göngum heim eptir verðinu); to pursue, claim;

ganga eptir, to prove true, be fulfilled (þetta gekk allt eptir, sem M. sagði fyrir);

ganga frá e-u, to part with, lose (sumir munu ganga frá öllu fénu);

ganga fram, to step forward;

ganga fram vel, to go forward bravely, in a battle;

to come to pass, come into execution (skal þess bíða, er þetta gengr fram);

to increase (fé Hall gerðar gekk fram ok gørðist allmikit);

to depart this life (H. bóndi gengr fram til frænda sinna);

ganga fyrir e-n, to present oneself before one (ganga fyrir konung);

ganga fyrir e-u, to take charge of, manage (var þar mart fólk, en húsbóndi gekk svá fyrir, at ekkert skorti); to yield to, be swayed by (hann gekk þá fyrir fortölum hennar);

ganga í gegn e-m, to set oneself against one;

ganga í gegn e-u, to confess, acknowledge;

maðr gengr í gegn, at á braut kveðst tekit hafa, the man confessed and said that he had taken it away;

ganga í mál, to undertake a case;

ganga með e-m (of a woman), to marry;

ganga með barni, to be with child;

ganga með burði (of animals), to be with young;

ganga með e-u, to assist in, plead (ganga með máli, bónorði);

ganga milli (á m., í m.), to go between, intercede;

ganga móti (á m., í m.) e-m, to go to meet one;

ganga móti e-u, to resist, oppose;

to confess, = ganga í gegn, ganga við e-u;

ganga nær e-m, to be troublesome to one (þótti hón œrit nær ganga Þórgerði);

ganga e-m nær, to approach, come near to one (sá hefir á brott komizt, er næst gekk Gunnari um alla hluti);

ganga saman, to marry;

of an agreement, bargain, to be brought about;

saman gekk kaupit með þeim, they came to a bargain;

ganga sundr (í s.), to go asunder, part;

ganga til, to go up to a thing (gangit til ok hyggit at); of the wind, to veer (veðrit gekk til útsuðrs);

e-m gengr e-t til e-s, one has some reason for doing a thing;

en þat gekk mér til þess (that was my reason), at ek ann þér eigi;

hversu hefir ykkr til gengit, how have you fared?

Loka gekk lítt til, it fared ill with L.;

ganga um e-t, to go about a thing;

ganga um beina, to wait upon guests;

ganga um sættir, to go between, as peacemaker;

ganga um e-n, to befall, happen to one (þess, er um margan gengr guma); of the wind, to go round, veer (gekk um veðrit ok styrmdi at þeim); to manage (fékk hón svá um gengit, at);

ganga undan, to escape to absent oneself;

g. undir e-t, to take upon oneself, undertake (a duty);

ganga undir e-n, to subject oneself to;

ganga upp, to be wasted (of money);

to get loose, to he torn loose (þeir glímdu svá at upp gengu stokkar allir á húsinu);

of a storm, gale, to get up, rise (veðr gekk upp);

of an ice-bound river, áin var gengin upp, swollen with ice;

ganga við staf, to walk with a stick;

ganga við e-u or e-t, to avow;

ganga yfir e-t, to go beyond, disregard (hann vildi eigi ganga yfir þat, er hann vissi réttast);

ganga yfir e-n, to overcome, to befall, happen to one;

slíkt sem yfir hefir gengit, all that has happened;

eitt skal yfir okkr ganga, we shall share one fate;

16) refl., gangast.

1) walking (hann mœddist í göngu);

vera í göngu, to be on foot, to walk;

2) course (ganga tungls, vinds).

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pret. gekk or gékk, 2nd pers. gékkt, mod. gékst; pl. gengu, geingu, or géngu, and an old poët. gingu; gengengu in Vsp. 12 is a mere misspelling (vide Sæm. Möb. 258); pres. geng, pl. göngum; pret. subj. gengi (geingi); imperat. gakk and gakktú; with the neg. suffix geng-at, gengr-at, gékk-at, gakk-attu, passim; a middle form göngumk firr, go from me, Gm. 1: a contracted form gá occurs now and then in mod. hymns; it is not vernacular but borrowed from Germ. and Dan.: [cp. Ulf. gaggan; A. S. and Hel. gangan; Scot. and North. E. gang, mod. Engl. go; Dan.-Swed. gange or gå; Germ. gehen; Ivar Aasen ganga: Icel., Scots, and Norsemen have preserved the old ng, which in Germ. and Swed.-Dan. only remains in poetry or in a special sense, e. g. in Germ. compds.]

A. To go:

I. to walk; reið jarl en Karkr gékk, Fms. i. 210, Rm. 1, 2, 6, 14, 23, 24, 30, Edda 10, Grág. ii. 95, passim; ganga leiðar sinnar, to go one’s way, Fms. x. 290, Krók. 26: adding acc., g. alla leið, Fms. xi. 202, 299; g. berg, to climb a cliff; g. afréttar, to search the fell-pastures (fjallganga), Háv. 39; also g. ( to climb) í fjall, í kletta, Fms. x. 313: Icel. also say, ganga skó og sokka, to wear out shoes and socks; hann gékk tvenna skó; ganga berserks gang, q. v.

β. absol. to go a-begging, Grág. i. 226, 232, Ísl. ii. 25; ganga vergang, húsgang, id. (göngumaðr).

II. adding adverbs, infinitives, adjectives, or the like,

α. an adverb denoting direction; g. út ok inn, Vkv. 4, Lv. 26; g. inn, Fms. i. 16, vi. 33; g. út, to go out, Lat. exire, Nj. 194; g. aptr, to return, Fms. x. 352; g. fram, to step forward, Hm. 1, Eg. 165; g. upp, to go up, ashore; g. ofan, niðr, to go down; g. heiman, 199; g. heim, to go home; gakk hingat, come hither! 488; g. móti, í gegn e-m, to go against, to meet one; g. braut, to go away; g. til e-s, or at e-m, to go to one; g. frá e-m, to leave one; g. með e-m, to go with one; g. hjá, to pass by; g. saman, to go together; g. yfir, to go over; g. gegnum, to go through; g. undir, to go under; g. undan, fyrir, to go before; g. eptir, to go behind; g. um, to rove, stroll about, and so on passim; g. í sæti, to go to one’s seat, take a seat, Eg. 551; g. til hvílu, to go to bed, Nj. 201; g. til matar, to go to dinner, Sturl. iii. 111, Eg. 483; g. til vinnu, verks, to go to one’s work, cp. Hm. 58; g. í kirkju, to go to church, Rb. 82; g. á fjall, to go on the fells, Hrafn. 34; g. á skip, to go on board, Fms. x. 10; g. af skipi, to go ashore.

β. with infin., in old poems often dropping ‘at;’ ganga sofa, to go to sleep, Fm. 27; g. at sofa, Hm. 19; g. vega, to go to fight, Vsp. 56, Ls. 15; g. at eiga konu, to go to be married, Grág. i. 318.

γ. with an adj.; g. hræddr, to be afraid; g. úviss, to be in ignorance, etc., Fms. vii. 271, Sks. 250, 688.

2. in a more special sense; g. til einvígis, bardaga, to go to a duel, battle, Nj. 64; g. á hólm (hólmganga), Eg. 504, 506; g. á eintal, Nj. 103; g. til máls við e-n, to speak to one, Eg. 199, 764; g. í glímu, to go a-wrestling, Ísl. ii. 246; g. á fang, id., Ld. 206; g. í danz, to go a-dancing; g. til skripta, to go to shrift, Hom. 157; g. at brúðkaupi, to go to be married, Fms. vii. 278; g. í skóla, klaustr, to go to school, go into a cloister (as an inmate), (hence skóla-genginn, a school-man, scholar), Bs. passim; g. í þjónustu, to take service, Nj. 268; g. í lið með e-m, to enter one’s party, side with one, 100; g. í lög, to enter a league with one; g. ór lögum, to go out of a league, passim; g. í félag, ór félagi, id.; g. á mala, to take service as a soldier, 121; g. á hönd, g. til handa, to submit to one as a liegeman, surrender, Eg. 19, 33, Ó. H. 184, Fms. vii. 180; g. á vald e-m, to give oneself up, Nj. 267; g. á hendr e-m, to encroach upon, Ver. 56; g. í skuld, to bail, Grág. i. 232, Dipl. ii. 12; g. í trúnað, to warrant, Fms. xi. 356; g. til trygða, Nj. 166, and g. til griða, to accept truce, surrender, Fas. ii. 556; g. í mál, to enter, undertake a case, Nj. 31; g. í ánauð, to go into bondage, Eg. 8; g. til lands, jarðar, ríkis, arfs, to take possession of …, 118, Stj. 380, Grág., Fms. passim; g. til fréttar, to go to an oracle, take auspices, 625. 89; g. til Heljar, a phrase for to die, Fms. x. 414; g. nær, to go nigh, go close to, press hard on, Ld. 146, 322, Fms. xi. 240 (where reflex.); var sá viðr bæði mikill og góðr því at Þorkell gékk nær, Th. kept a close eye on it, Ld. 316.

B. Joined with prepp. and adverbs in a metaph. sense:—g. af, to depart from, go off; þá gékk af honum móðrinn ok sefaðisk hann, Edda 28; þá er af honum gékk hamremin, Eg. 125, Eb. 136, Stj. 118; g. af sér, to go out of or beyond oneself; mjök g. þeir svari-bræðr nú af sér, Fbr. 32; í móti Búa er hann gengr af sér ( rages) sem mest, Fb. i. 193; þá gékk mest af sér ranglæti manna um álnir, Bs. i. 135: so in the mod. phrases, g. fram af sér, to overstrain oneself; and g. af sér, to fall off, decay: to forsake, g. af trú, to apostatize, Fms. ii. 213; g. af vitinu, to go out of one’s wits, go mad, Post. 656 C. 31; g. af Guðs boðorðum, Stj. passim: to pass. Páskar g. af, Ld. 200: to be left as surplus (afgangr), Rb. 122, Grág. i. 411, K. Þ. K. 92:—g. aptr, to walk again, of a ghost (aptrganga), Ld. 58, Eb. 278, Fs. 131, 141, passim; and absol., g. um híbýli, to hunt, Landn. 107: to go back, be void, of a bargain, Gþl. 491:—g. at e-m, to go at, attack, Nj. 80, 160: to press on, Grág. i. 51, Dipl. ii. 19 (atgangr): g. at e-u, to accept a choice, Nj. 256; g. at máli, to assist, help, 207: to fit, of a key, lykla þá sem g. at kístum yðrum, Finnb. 234, Fbr. 46 new Ed., N. G. L. i. 383: medic. to ail, e-ð gengr at e-m; ok gengr at barni, and if the bairn ails, 340, freq. in mod. usage of ailment, grief, etc.:—g. á e-t, to go against, encroach upon; ganga á ríki e-s, Fms. i. 2; g. upp á, to tread upon, vii. 166; hverr maðr er ólofat gengr á mál þeirra, who trespasses against their measure, Grág. i. 3: to break, g. á orð, eiða, sættir, trygðir, grið, Finnb. 311, Fms. i. 189, Ld. 234; g. á bak e-u, to contravene, Ísl. ii. 382; ganga á, to go on with a thing, Grág. ii. 363; hence the mod. phrase, mikið gengr á, much going on; hvað gengr á, what is going on? það er farið að g. á það (of a task or work or of stores), it is far advanced, not much left:—g. eptir, to go after, pursue, claim (eptirgangr), Nj. 154, Þórð. 67, Fms. vii. 5; g. eptir e-m, to humour one who is cross, in the phrase, g. eptir e-m með grasið í skónum; vertu ekki að g. eptir stráknum; hann vill láta g. eptir ser (of a spoilt boy, cross fellow): to prove true, follow, hón mælti mart, en þó gékk þat sumt eptir, Nj. 194; eptir gékk þat er mér bauð hugr um, Eg. 21, Fms. x. 211:—g. fram, to go on well in a battle, Nj. 102, 235, Háv. 57 (framgangr): to speed, Nj. 150, Fms. xi. 427: to grow, increase (of stock), fé Hallgerðar gékk fram ok varð allmikit, Nj. 22; en er fram gékk mjök kvikfé Skallagríms, Eg. 136, Vígl. 38: to come to pass, skal þess bíða er þetta gengr fram, Nj. 102, Fms. xi. 22: to die, x. 422:—g. frá, to leave (a work) so and so; g. vel frá, to make good work; g. ílla frá, to make bad work; það er ílla frá því gengið, it is badly done:—g. fyrir, to go before, to yield to, to be swayed by a thing; heldr nú við hót, en ekki geng ek fyrir slíku, Fms. i. 305; þó at vér gangim heldr fyrir blíðu en stríðu, ii. 34, Fb. i. 378, Hom. 68; hvárki gékk hann fyrir blíðyrðum né ógnarmálum, Fms. x. 292; hann gékk þá fyrir fortülum hennar, Bs. i. 742: in mod. usage reflex., gangast fyrir íllu, góðu: to give away, tók hann þá at ganga fyrir, Fb. i. 530: Icel. now say, reflex., gangast fyrir, to fall off, from age or the like (vide fyrirgengiligr): to prevent, skal honum þá eigi fyrnska fyrir g., N. G. L. i. 249; þá er hann sekr þrem mörkum nema nauðsyn gangi fyrir, 14; at þeim gangi lögleg forföll fyrir, Gþl. 12:—g. í gegn, to go against, to meet, in mod. usage to deny, and so it seems to be in Gþl. 156; otherwise in old writers it always means the reverse, viz. to avow, confess; maðr gengr í gegn, at á braut kveðsk tekit hafa, the man confessed and said that he had taken it away, Ísl. ii. 331; ef maðr gengr í gegn legorðinu, Grág. i. 340; sá goði er í gegn gékk ( who acknowledged) þingfesti hans, 20; hann iðraðisk úráðs síns, ok gékk í gegn at hann hefði saklausan selt herra sinn, Sks. 584,—this agrees with the parallel phrase, g. við e-t, mod. g. við e-u, to confess, both in old and mod. usage, id.:—g. hjá, to pass by, to waive a thing, Fms. vi. 168:—g. með, to go with one, to wed, marry (only used of a woman, like Lat. nubere), þú hefir þvert tekit at g. með mér, Ld. 262, Sd. 170, Grág. i. 178, Þiðr. 209, Gkv. 2. 27, Fms. xi. 5: medic., g. með barni, to go with child, i. 57; with acc. (barn), Bs. i. 790, and so in mod. usage; a mother says, sama sumarið sem eg gékk með hann (hana) N. N., (meðgöngutími); but dat. in the phrase, vera með barni, to be with child; g. með burði, of animals, Sks. 50, Stj. 70; g. með máli, to assist, plead, Eg. 523, Fms. xi. 105, Eb. 210; g. með e-u, to confess [Dan. medgaae], Stj., but rare and not vernacular:—g. milli, to go between, intercede, esp. as a peacemaker, passim (milli-ganga, meðal-ganga):—g. í móti, to resist, Nj. 90, 159, 171: of the tide, en þar gékk í móti útfalls-straumr, Eg. 600:—g. saman, to go together, marry, Grág. i. 324, Fms. xi. 77: of a bargain, agreement, við þetta gékk saman sættin, Nj. 250; saman gékk kaupit með þeim, 259:—g. sundr, to go asunder, part, and of a bargain, to be broken off, passim:—g. til, to step out, come along; gangit til, ok blótið, 623. 59; gangit til, ok hyggit at, landsmenn, Fms. iv. 282: to offer oneself, to volunteer, Bs. i. 23, 24: the phrase, e-m gengr e-ð til e-s, to purpose, intend; en þat gékk mér til þess ( that was my reason) at ek ann þér eigi, etc., Ísl. ii. 269; sagði, at honum gékk ekki ótrúnaðr til þessa, Fms. x. 39; gékk Flosa þat til, at …, Nj. 178; gengr mér meirr þat til, at ek vilda firra vini mína vandræðum, Fms. ii. 171; mælgi gengr mér til, ‘tis that I have spoken too freely, Orkn. 469, Fms. vi. 373, vii. 258: to fare, hversu hefir ykkr til gengið, how have you fared? Grett. 48 new Ed.; Loka gékk lítt til, it fared ill with L., Fb. i. 276: mod., þat gékk svá til, it so happened, but not freq., as bera við is better, (tilgangr, intention):—g. um e-t, to go about a thing; g. um sættir, to go between, as peacemaker, Fms. v. 156; g. um beina, to attend guests, Nj. 50, passim: to manage, fékk hón svá um gengit, Grett. 197 new Ed.; hversu þér genguð um mitt góðs, 206: to spread over, in the phrase, má þat er um margan gengr; þess er um margan gengr guma, Hm. 93: to veer, go round, of the wind, gékk um veðrit ok styrmdi at þeim, the wind went round and a gale met them, Bs. i. 775:—g. undan, to go before, escape, Ver. 15, Fms. vii. 217, Blas. 49: to be lost, wasted, jafnmikit sem undan gékk af hans vanrækt, Gþl. 338: to absent oneself, eggjuðusk ok báðu engan undan g., Fms. x. 238:—g. undir, to undertake a duty, freq.: to set, of the sun, Rb. 468, Vígl. (in a verse): to go into one’s possession, power, Fms. vii. 207;—g. upp, to be wasted, of money, Fær. 39, Fms. ix. 354: of stones or earth-bound things, to get loose, be torn loose, þeir glímdu svá at upp gengu stokkar allir í húsinu, Landn. 185; flest gékk upp þat sem fyrir þeim varð, Háv. 40, Finnb. 248; ok gékk ór garðinum upp ( was rent loose) garðtorfa frosin, Eb. 190: to rise, yield, when summoned, Sturl. iii. 236: of a storm, gale, to get up, rise, veðr gékk upp at eins, Grett. 94, Bárð. 169; gengr upp stormr hinn sami, Bs. ii. 50: of an ice-bound river, to swell, áin var ákafliga mikil, vóru höfuðísar at báðum-megin, en gengin upp ( swoln with ice) eptir miðju, Ld. 46, Fbr. 20 new Ed., Bjarn. 52; vötnin upp gengin, Fbr. 114; áin var gengin upp ok íll yfirferðar, Grett. 134:—g. við, in the phrase, g. við staf, to go with a staff, rest on it: with dat., g. við e-u, to avow (vide ganga í gegn above):—g. yfir, to spread, prevail, áðr Kristnin gengi yfir, Fms. x. 273; hétu á heiðin goð til þess at þau léti eigi Kristnina g. yfir landit, Bs. i. 23: the phrase, láta eitt g. yfir báða, to let one fate go over both, to stand by one another for weal and woe; hefi ek því heitið honum at eitt skyldi g. yfir okkr bæði, Nj. 193, 201, 204, Gullþ. 8: so in the saying, má þat er yfir margan gengr, a common evil is easier to bear, Fbr. 45 new Ed. (vide um above); muntu nú verða at segja slíkt sem yfir hefir gengið, all that has happened, Fms. xi. 240; þess gengr ekki yfir þá at þeir vili þeim lengr þjóna, they will no longer serve them, come what may, Orkn. 84: to overrun, tyrannize over, þeir vóru ójafnaðar menn ok ganga þar yfir alla menn, Fms. x. 198 (yfirgangr): to transgress, Hom. 109: to overcome, þótti öllum mönnum sem hann mundi yfir allt g., Fms. vii. 326: a naut. term, to dash over, as spray, áfall svá mikit at yfir gékk þegar skipit, Bs. i. 422; hence the metaph. phrase, g. yfir e-n, to be astonished; það gengr yfir mig, it goes above me, I am astonished.

C. Used singly, of various things:

1. of cattle, horses, to graze (haga-gangr); segja menn at svín hans gengi á Svínanesi, en sauðir á Hjarðarnesi, Landn. 124, Eg. 711; kálfrinn óx skjótt ok gékk í túni um sumarit, Eb. 320; Freyfaxi gengr í dalnum fram, Hrafn. 6; þar var vanr at g. hafr um túnit, Nj. 62; þar var til grass (görs) at g., Ld. 96, Grág. passim; gangandi gripr, cattle, beasts, Bjarn. 22; ganganda fé, id., Sturl. i. 83, Band. 2, Ísl. ii. 401.

2. of shoals of fish, to go up, in a river or the like (fiski-ganga, -gengd); vötn er netnæmir fiskar g. í, Grág. i. 149; til landauðnar horfði í Ísafirði áðr fiskr gékk upp á Kvíarmiði, Sturl. ii. 177; fiskr er genginn inn ór álum, Bb. 3. 52.

3. of the sun, stars, vide B. above, (sólar-gangr hæstr, lengstr, and lægstr skemstr = the longest and shortest day); áðr sól gangi af Þingvelli, Grág. i. 24; því at þar gékk eigi sól af um skamdegi, Landn. 140, Rb. passim:—of a thunder-storm, þar gékk reiði-duna með eldingu, Fb. iii. 174:—of the tide, stream, water, vide B. above, eða gangi at vötn eða skriður, K. Þ. K. 78.

4. of a ship, gékk þá skipit mikit, Eg. 390, Fms. vi. 249; létu svá g. suðr fyrir landit, Eg. 78; lét svá g. suðr allt þar til er hann sigldi í Englands-haf, Ó. H. 149; réru nótt ok dag sem g. mátti, Eg. 88; gékk skipit brátt út á haf, Ó. H. 136.

β. to pass; kvað engi skip skyldi g. (go, pass) til Íslands þat sumar, Ld. 18.

II. metaph. to run out, stretch out, project, of a landscape or the like; gengr haf fyrir vestan ok þar af firðir stórir, Eg. 57; g. höf stór ór útsjánum inn í jörðina; haf (the Mediterranean) gengr af Njörva-sundum (the Straits of Gibraltar), Hkr. i. 5; nes mikit gékk í sæ út, Eg. 129, Nj. 261; í gegnum Danmörk gengr sjór (the Baltic) í Austrveg, A. A. 288; fyrir austan hafs-botn þann (Bothnia) er gengr til móts við Gandvík (the White Sea), Orkn. begin.: frá Bjarmalandi g. lönd til úbygða, A. A. 289; Europa gengr allt til endimarka Hispaniae, Stj. 83; öllum megin gengr at henni haf ok kringir um hana, 85; þessi þinghá gékk upp ( extended) um Skriðudal, Hrafn. 24: of houses, af fjósi gékk forskáli, Dropl. 28.

2. to spread, branch out; en af því tungurnar eru ólíkar hvár annarri, þær þegar, er ór einni ok hinni sömu hafa gengit eða greinzt, þá þarf ólíka stafi í at hafa, Skálda (Thorodd) 160: of a narrative, gengr þessi saga mest af Sverri konungi, this story goes forth from him, i. e. relates to, tells of him, Fb. ii. 533; litlar sögur megu g. af hesti mínum, Nj. 90; um fram alla menn Norræna þá er sögur g. frá, Fms. i. 81.

III. to take the lead, prevail; gékk þaðan af í Englandi Valska, thereafter (i. e. after the Conquest) the Welsh tongue prevailed in England, Ísl. ii. 221; ok þar allt sem Dönsk tunga gengi, Fms. xi. 19; meðan Dönsk tunga gengr, x. 179:—of money, to be current, hundrað aura þá er þá gengu í gjöld, Dropl. 16; eigi skulu álnar g. aðrar en þessar, Grág. i. 498; í þenna tíð gékk hér silfr í allar stórskuldir, 500, Fms. viii. 270; eptir því sem gengr ( the course) flestra manna í millum, Gþl. 352:—of laws, to be valid, ok var nær sem sín lög gengi í hverju fylki, Fms. iv. 18; Óðinn setti lög í landi sínu þau er gengit höfðu fyrr með Ásum, Hkr. i. 13; þeirra laga er gengu á Uppsala-þingi, Ó. H. 86; hér hefir Kristindóms-bálk þann er g. skal, N. G. L. i. 339; sá siðr er þá gékk, Fb. i. 71, (vide ganga yfir):—of sickness, plague, famine, to rage, þá gékk landfarsótt, bóla, drepsótt, hallæri, freq.; also impers., gékk því hallæri um allt Ísland, Bs. i. 184; mikit hallæri ok hart gékk yfir fólkið, 486, v. l.; gékk sóttin um haustið fyrir sunnan land; þá gékk mest plágan fyrri, Ann. 1402, 1403.

IV. to go on, last, in a bad sense, of an evil; tókst síðan bardagi, ok er hann hafði gengit um hríð, Fs. 48: impers., hefir þessu gengit ( it has gone on) marga manns-aldra, Fms. i. 282; gékk því lengi, so it went on a long while, Grett. 79 new Ed.; gékk þessu enn til dags, Nj. 272; ok gékk því um hríð, 201; ok gékk því allan þann dag, Fms. vii. 147; lát því g. í allt sumar, xi. 57; gengr þessu þar til er …, Fb. i. 258.

V. denoting violence; létu g. bæði grjót ok vápn, Eg. 261; létu þá hvárir-tveggju g. allt þat er til vápna höfðu, Fms. ix. 44; láta höggin g., to let it rain blows, Úlf. 12. 40; háðung, spottyrði, hróp ok brigzl hver lét með öðrum g. á víxl, Pass. 14. 3, (vápna-gangr); Birkibeinar róa þá eptir, ok létu g. lúðrana, and sounded violently the alarum, Fms. ix. 50, (lúðra-gangr); láta dæluna g., to pour out bad language, vide dæla.

VI. to be able to go on, to go, partly impers.; ef þat gengr eigi, if that will not do, Fms. vi. 284; svá þykt at þeim gékk þar ekki at fara, they stood so close that they could not proceed there, Nj. 247; þá nam þar við, gékk þá eigi lengra, there was a stop; then it could go no farther, Fms. xi. 278; leiddu þeir skipit upp eptir ánni, svá sem gékk, as far as the ship could go, as far as the river was navigable, Eg. 127: esp. as a naut. term, impers., e. g. þeim gékk ekki fyrir nesið, they could not clear the ness; þá gengr eigi lengra, ok fella þeir þá seglið, Bs. i. 423; at vestr gengi um Langanes, 485, v. l.

VII. with adverbs; g. létt, fljótt, to go smoothly; g. þungt, seint, to go slowly; oss munu öll vápna-viðskipti þungt g. við þá, Nj. 201; þungt g. oss nú málaferlin, 181; gékk þeim lítt atsóknin, Stj. 385; at þeim feðgum hefði þá allir hlutir léttast gengit, Bs. i. 274; seint gengr, Þórir, greizlan, Ó. H. 149; g. betr, verr, to get the better, the worse; gékk Ribbungum betr í fyrstu, Fms. ix. 313; gengu ekki mjök kaupin, the bargain did not go well, Nj. 157, cp. ganga til (B. above):—to turn out, hversu g. mundi orrostan, 273; gékk þá allt eptir því sem Hallr hafði sagt, 256; ef kviðir g. í hag sækjanda, if the verdict goes for the plaintiff, Grág. i. 87; þótti þetta mál hafa gengit at óskum, Dropl. 14; mart gengr verr en varir, a saying, Hm. 39; þykir honum nú at sýnu g. ( it seems to him evident) at hann hafi rétt hugsað, Fms. xi. 437; g. andæris, to go all wrong, Am. 14; g. misgöngum, to go amiss, Grág. i. 435; g. e-m í tauma, to turn false ( crooked); þat mun mér lítt í tauma g. er Rútr segir, Nj. 20; g. ofgangi, to go too high, Fms. vii. 269.

VIII. of a blow or the like; hafði gengit upp á miðjan fetann, the axe went in up to the middle of the blade, Nj. 209; gékk þegar á hol, 60; gékk í gegnum skjöldinn, 245, Fb. i. 530.

IX. of law; láta próf g., to make an enquiry; láta vátta g., to take evidence, D. N.

X. to be gone, be lost; gékk hér með holdit niðr at beini, the flesh was torn off, Fb. i. 530: esp. in pass. part. genginn, dead, gone, eptir genginn guma, Hm. 71; moldar-genginn, buried, Sl. 60; hel-genginn, 68; afli genginn, gone from strength, i. e. powerless, Skv. 3. 13.

β. gone, past; gengið er nú það görðist fyr, a ditty; mér er gengið heimsins hjól, gone for me is the world’s wheel ( luck), a ditty.

XI. used as transit. with acc.; hann gengr björninn á bak aptr, he broke the bear’s back in grappling with him, Finnb. 248; ok gengr hana á bak, ok brýtr í sundr í henni hrygginn, Fb. i. 530.

2. medic. with dat. to discharge; ganga blóði, to discharge blood (Dan. blodgang), Bs. i. 337, 383; Arius varð bráðdauðr ok gékk ór sér öllum iðrum, Ver. 47.

D. REFLEX.:

I. singly, gangask, to be altered, to change, be corrupted; gangask í munni, of tradition; var þat löng ævi, ok vant at sögurnar hefði eigi gengisk í munni, Ó. H. pref.; má því eigi þetta mál í munni gengisk hafa, Fb. ii. Sverr. S. pref.; ok mættim vér ráða um nokkut, at málit gengisk, that the case could miscarry, be lost, Glúm. 380:—láta gangask, to let pass. waive; lét Páll þá g. þá hluti er áðr höfðu í millum staðit, Sturl. i. 102; ef þú lætr eigi g. þat er ek kref þik, Fms. xi. 61.

2. e-m gengsk hugr við e-t, to change one’s mind, i. e. to be moved to compassion, yield; sótti hón þá svá at honum gékksk hugr við, Eb. 264; þá gékksk Þorgerði hugr við harma-tölur hans, Ld. 232; ok mun honum g. hugr við þat, svá at hann mun fyrirgefa þér, Gísl. 98; nú sem hann grét, gékksk Ísak hugr við, Stj. 167; er sendimaðr fann at Birni gékksk hugr við féit, Ó. H. 194; við slíkar fortölur hennar gékksk Einari hugr (E. was swayed) til ágirni, Orkn. 24.

II. with prepp. (cp. B. above); gangask at, to ‘go at it,’ engage in a fight; nú gangask þeir at fast, Dropl. 24, Ísl. ii. 267; gengusk menn at sveitum, of wrestlers, they wrestled one with another in sections (Dan. flokkevis), Glúm. 354; þeir gengusk at lengi, Finnb. 248:—gangask fyrir, vide B. above:—gangask í gegn, at móti, to stand against, fight against; at vér látim ok eigi þá ráða er mest vilja í gegn gangask (i. e. the extreme on each side), Íb. 12, cp. Fms. ii. 241; at þeir skipaði til um fylkingar sínar, hverjar sveitir móti skyldi g., i. e. to pair the combatants off, ix. 489; þeir risu upp ok gengusk at móti, Stj. 497. 2 Sam. ii. 15:—g. nær, to come to close quarters (Lat. cominus gerere), Nj. 176, Fms. xi. 240:—gangask á, to dash against one another, to split; á gengusk eiðar, the oaths were broken, Vsp. 30: to be squared off against one another, sú var görð þeirra, at á gengusk vígin húskarlanna, Rd. 288; ekki er annars getið en þeir léti þetta á gangask, i. e. they let it drop, Bjarn. 47; gangask fyrir, to fall off, Fms. iii. 255:—gangask við, to grow, gain strength; áðr en við gengisk hans bæn, before his prayer should be fulfilled, x. 258; ef þat er ætlað at trúa þessi skuli við g., Nj. 162; hétu þeir fast á guðin, at þau skyldi eigi láta við garrgask Kristniboð Ólafs konungs, Fms. ii. 32; þetta gékksk við um öll þau fylki, vii. 300; mikit gékksk Haraldr við (H. grew fast) um vöxt ok afl, Fb. i. 566; Eyvindr hafði mikið við gengizk um menntir, E. had much improved himself in good breeding, Hrafn. 24; vildi hann prófa hvárr þeirra meira hafði við gengisk, which of them had gained most strength, Grett. 107: to be in vogue, in a bad sense, ok löngum við gengisk öfund ok rangindi, Fms. i. 221, cp. Pass. 37. 7:—gangask ór stað, to be removed, Fms. xi. 107.

III. in the phrase, e-m gengsk vel, ílla, it goes well, ill with one, Hom. 168, Am. 53; ílls gengsk þér aldri, nema …, the evil will never leave thee, thou wilt never be happy, unless …, 65.